Dogmatic Approach Research Articles

Achieving a Common Future for all Through Sustainability-Conscious Legal Education and Research Methods

Abstract This contribution explores ecological literacy as a critical facet of legal inquiry, focusing on expanding knowledge and practices oriented towards nature protection. Evolving to encompass interdisciplinarity and a systems-thinking approach, ecological literacy is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability. The study argues that integrating an approach promoting eco-responsible behaviors is essential for sustainability-centered legal research and education. This necessitates a shift in foundational pillars of legal methodology, moving beyond conventional dogmatic approaches and embracing a participatory and active dimension. The study provides a theoretical foundation for future applications for rethinking legal methodology to implement ecological literacy effectively.

Contextualization Matters: Beyond Abstract, Normative and Universal Approaches

The negative ecological, health and social impacts of intensive agricultural production and deforestation, coupled with rapid urban and suburban development motivated some architects, land-use planners, landscape and urban designers last century to consider how the morphology and size of human settlements impact on natural and human ecosystems at local, regional and global levels. Some initiatives 50 years ago, including the seminal contributions of Constantinos A. Doxiadis, John Habraken, Victor Papanek (among others), preceded current concerns about complex people-society-environment-biosphere interrelations in a rapidly urbanizing world. Notably, the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the New Urban Agenda recognize these dilemmas, but these initiatives have not borne anticipated outcomes since 2015. This article explains that the proposed responses to these societal challenges by these international initiatives have devalued fundamental elements of ekistics that combined and synthesized five forces - economic, social, political, technical and cultural factors in a holistic and systemic model. In addition, abstract, dogmatic, normative, and universal approaches commonly used in architecture and urban planning during the last century have remained dominant. The author requests a fundamental rethinking of key drivers of rapid urbanization that need to be understood and corrected according to the diversity and plurality of contextual conditions in which human settlements are constructed. These can be identified and accommodated in Living Labs which are creative real-world settings that explicitly reconnect knowledge and praxis about human habitats, thus overcoming the current deficit in implementing the SDGs, and in particular SDG 11.

Polish system of business insurance in agriculture and related areas during the accession processes and EU membership. Selected aspects. Part II: The period of Poland’s EU membership

The preparation period for Poland’s membership in the European Union, which lasted nearly 15 years and involved both the transposition of EU legislation, including insurance legislation, and the structuring of the national insurance system for the broadly defined agriculture and rural areas, failed (despite the adoption of the European model) to effect changes that would sufficiently help the agricultural insurance system recover from the long-lasting crisis it had faced since 1990. The opportunities offered by the Community policy, related i.a. to the expansion of the insurance portfolio to include modern types of insurance covering various types of risks, as well as the traditional form of risk transfer well-known from earlier periods in the history of Polish insurance, such as insurance mutuality, were not fully utilised either. In the post-accession period, it has been accompanied by a significant expansion of the group of structural tools for agricultural risk management, which extend beyond the area of insurance. The reasons for the structural crisis of business insurance in agriculture and related areas (in the years 1990–2004) lay both in statutory reasons (abolishment of the statutory agricultural insurance system) and mistakes in the implementation of the market insurance model in Poland. The latter were particularly manifested in the dogmatic and selective approach to the underlying principle of systemic freedom of contract in agricultural insurance, with a simultaneous approval of the legal and economic obligation to conclude such contracts in other types of insurance cover. The subject of the issues included in the present study (Parts I and II)2 is the analysis of the establishment and implementation of the insurance model of the indicated sectors against the background of legislation and practice in the unified agricultural insurance market during the implementation of processes preparing Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU) – Part I of the study, and then the implementation of the new insurance system in the market model – Part II of the study. The authors’ analysis of the legal and organisational regulations of the agricultural insurance system in force in the years 2004–2022, taking into account the regulations and other instruments of influence offered/implemented by the EU authorities and institutions, proves and confirms the claim that the negative effects of political and market transformations of the early period of market economy have been evident throughout the entire period of Poland’s membership in the EU to date. These were further aggravated by external natural and social phenomena and a range of internal causes3. The latter, related to the conclusion and execution of insurance contracts, are marked by a profound commercialisation of the contractual relationship and imbalance between the parties to the contracts under civil law (in favour of the supply side), which is characteristic of the liberal economy system. By analysing selected legal acts, available reports and scholarly literature on the subject, as well as drawing on their own experience as participants in the business insurance market in Poland, the authors of the study point first and foremost to systemic and, consequently, organisational solutions as one of the basic sources of the crisis of the business insurance system in Polish agriculture and related areas. In view of the above, the aim of Part II of the study is, therefore, first of all to identify the symptoms of irregularities causing increasing exposure to risk, and located in insurance legal relationships established in the agricultural insurance sector after Poland’s accession to the EU. They invariably demonstrate the need for a continuous modernisation of the system, taking into account both the benefits and the problems associated with common agricultural policy and agricultural risk management in the single European market. Key words: insurance crises, Polish agricultural insurance system, agricultural insurance system in the EU, agricultural insurance, risk management in agriculture.

Forest roads as a special type of forest land

Forest roads are very important communication routes, ensuring the implementation of all functions of forests and forest management. According to the law, their status can be considered at least as specific. They are included in the category of forest land, but they are not public roads. At the same time, they are linear objects, that is types of buildings, specifically building objects. This fact has significant consequences for the investment and construction process in the field of construction and reconstruction of forest roads. The subject of the study is the analysis of forest roads on a theoretical and practical level. Apart from the dogmatic approach, forest roads should be confronted with the institutions of administrative substantive law, such as public goods (facilities) and special areas.

The Artificial Intelligence in the System of Tools for Stabilizing the Political Regimes of World Powers

A stable idea in the doctrine of the typologies of a political regime indicates that their uniqueness is characterized by a set of appropriate methods and means of exercising political power, a system of social organization of interaction between power and society and other institutions of the state. The model of the political regime formed in the state is consistent, first of all, with political processes, including those occurring with the participation of citizens, social groups and society as a whole. The National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Russia, approved in 2019, among the principles for the development of these technologies, enshrined the priority of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as security. Management decisions made by artificial intelligence have expanded the possible areas of their use, including public administration. This study examines the degree of introduction of artificial intelligence technology, which has been developing in recent years, into political regimes in various states. An assessment is made of the work of artificial intelligence, which is forming a new “cyber-physical” society, in which the political needs and freedoms of citizens are realized with the support of digital technologies. Approaches are proposed for assessing the work of artificial intelligence, which contributes to the international and regional integration of countries with different political systems, as well as influencing changes in the qualitative characteristics of political processes as a whole or its individual elements. The study was based on an integrated approach to assessing artificial intelligence used in the regulatory sphere. Dogmatic approaches to factors influencing the formation of a political system in the context of technological progress are being rethought.

Insider Dealing by Outsiders in the U. S. and EU

692The prohibition of insider dealing has its origins in U. S. law, the structural features of which have also influenced EU insider law. Today the dogmatic approaches of the two insider law systems differ diametrically. Particularly in dealing with investors outside the issuer, so-called outsiders, the two legal systems differ in terms of both the manner and the scope of covered transactions. According to our understanding outsiders are investors who, neither through their position within the issuer nor through the exercise of a profession for the issuer, have a relationship with the issuer that allows privileged access to inside information. We will lay out the differences between EU and U. S. law by reference to the recent decision of a U. S. Court in U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) v. Panuwat, where the court approved the so-called shadow trading theory of the SEC. Whereas this decision has attracted a lot of attention in the U. S., we argue, that shadow trading is undoubtedly covered by EU insider law due to the broad principle of information parity. However, because of its broad scope EU insider law applies basically to all investors who possess inside information and hence may also prohibit transactions by outsiders which might be useful for capital markets, such as trading by financial analysts or whistle blowers. We will therefore scrutinize whether and how far financial analysts or whistleblowers are privileged by Recital 28 of the Market Abuse Regulation (MAR), which only applies to research based on publicly available data, but does not specify when information is publicly available.Whereas in regard to outsiders, the EU insider dealing law goes sometimes too far at the substantive level, in enforcement matters it is too restrictive on the other side. This becomes obvious when we look at politicians which are involved in legislation and hence have access to material information for many issuers. In the U. S., the SEC – acting as a driving force in the U. S. when it comes to the enforcement of the insider dealing prohibition – but also the legislator itself have already become active. Against this background, we examine what instruments EU insider law might provide to detect insider dealing by politicians and other outsiders and show that adapting and extending the existing rules may be a feasible way forward.

Bilateral Exchange: Enteral Nutrition Clinical Decision Making in Pediatric Surgery Patients

IntroductionEvidence-based medicine guides clinical decision-making; however, promoting enteral nutrition has historically followed a dogmatic approach in which patients graduate from clear liquids to full liquids to a regular diet after return of bowel function. Enhanced recovery after surgery has demonstrated that early enteral nutrition initiation is associated with shorter hospital stays. We aimed to understand postoperative pediatric nutrition practices in Kenya and the United States. MethodsWe completed a prospective observational study of pediatric surgery fellows during clinical rounds in a pediatric referral center in Kenya (S4A) and one in the United States (Riley). Fellow-patient interactions were observed from postoperative day one to discharge or postoperative day 30, whichever happened first. Patient demographic, operative information, and daily observations including nutritional status were collected via REDCap. ResultsWe included 75 patients with 41 (54.7%) from Kenya; patients in Kenya were younger with 40% of patients in Kenya presenting as neonates. Median time to initiation and full enteral nutrition was shorter for the patients at Riley when compared to their counterparts at S4A. In the neonatal subgroup, patients at S4A initiated enteral nutrition sooner, but their hospital length of stays were not significantly different. ConclusionsStudying current nutrition practices may guide early enteral nutrition protocols. Implementing these protocols, particularly in a setting where enteral nutrition alternatives are minimal, may provide evidence of success and overrule dogmatic nutrition advancement. Studying implementation of these protocols in resource-constrained areas, where patient length of stay is often related to socioeconomic factors, may identify additional benefits to patients.

The Educator’s Vulnerability: Systemic Oppression From an Indian Frame of Reference

The author explores the impact of the Indian Cultural Parent on education in India, particularly the possible impact on transactional analysis (TA) training through the experience of both trainers and trainees. The article touches on the author’s personal exploration and considers relevant philosophical ideas and political systems and systemic processes. She aims to understand the educator’s role through the experience in the Indian cultural context of having a rich heritage with ancestral influences that contribute to academic rigidity and a dogmatic approach. She asks from a systemic perspective what influences academic rigidity in the Indian TA community and what unconscious process has been part of the Indian psyche for the TA educator. Instances are given of issues that inhibit the educator’s flexibility unconsciously and the learner’s culture shock experiences that can result in chaos and confusion. The article concludes with a perspective on the learning space using Cupsa’s stages of change, which learners and educators can contribute to in the process of becoming.

The Problems Related to Potential Trademark Rights Infringement: Construction in Inclusive Legal Perspective on Unregistered Marks

In the current era of globalization and modernization, trademarks play a crucial role in distinguishing products or services in the market. Valid and protected trademark rights are valuable assets for their owners. However, the phenomenon of unregistered trademarks often poses a challenge in trademark protection. This research aims to analyze the legal construction of unregistered trademarks and the conflicts that arise from the perspective of inclusive law. The focus of this research is on the analysis of legal aspects, rights of trademark owners, consumer rights, public policies, and socio-economic aspects. The research method used is normative legal research with a dogmatic legal approach. Data sources include laws, regulations, court decisions, and legal literature related to trademarks. Data analysis techniques use a deductive approach with the application of relevant theoretical frameworks. The results of the research indicate that the inclusive legal construction in the Trademark Law provides broader protection for unregistered trademarks. Owners of unregistered trademarks can obtain protection if consistent use of the trademark in trade can be demonstrated. The inclusive approach in trademark supervision also encompasses unregistered trademarks that have potential rights to protection. Conflicts between protection of unregistered trademarks, consumer rights, and indigenous communities can be resolved through consultation and participation of relevant parties. Specific regulations that acknowledge the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities and the responsibilities of producers can also help resolve these conflicts. Mediation and arbitration mechanisms can also be used as alternative dispute resolution methods.

Commercial operations of municipalities in housing development . On the conflict between self-reliance and serving people and sufficiency of law

This article deals with the relationship between three specific problems. These problems include legal issues related to running a business by municipalities, activities of municipalities in housing construction and municipal housing programmes (MHPs) as a manifestation of the legal and organizational independence of municipalities. In order to obtain reliable results of research in this area, the author decided to analyse the applicable standards and regulations regarding these issues and the views of the doctrine. In both cases, he observed that there are no detailed legal regulations relating to this issue, and thus there is also no in-depth analysis of this problem in the doctrine of legal sciences. All this resulted in the formulation of two types of conclusions. The existing regulations were assessed with the indication of their significant shortcomings. More­over, conclusions were formulated regarding changes that the legislator should introduce to the Polish legal system to aid municipalities in meeting the housing needs of local communities. This work uses the method of analysing the legal text and, to a limited extent, the dogmatic approach.

Potential Application of Structural Linguistics Methodology in the Network Analysis of Roman and Medieval Regulae Iuris

The article presents the preliminaryresults of the research of Roman and medieval Regulae iuris using a novel combination of methods. It demonstratesthe productivity of combining network analysis and the methodology ofstructural linguistics in the analysis of the database of Latin ‘rulesof law’,which were juristic generalizations of the legal matter. This methodology allowsmeasuring the extent to which scholastic dialectics helped medieval learned juriststo achieve a systematization of law, as well as offers a good combination of historicaland dogmatic approaches, so important in the research of normative systems,especially in law and legal history.  

The Gendered Rebel: Challenging Gendered Norms through Punk in Urban Yangon

In this article, I argue that the punk community Rebel Community mirrors, to a certain extent, Bamar-Buddhist-justified gendered inequalities. Although the punks identify structural inequalities and the discrimination of women and minorities, they are themselves not free from the heteronormative and structural discriminations they criticize and oppose. Basic rules within the community include that fascist, racist, and sexist behavior is not tolerated. These punks regard humans as equal, no matter their gender, ethnicity, or religion. Therefore, they counter the institutionalized separation of the population of Myanmar but also turn a blind eye to intersectional discrimination. Through a dogmatic approach to egalitarianism, women have a hard time sharing their experiences of sexism and being acknowledged instead of silenced. Since harassment, for example, is an experience the male members share, they have a hard time acknowledging that the harassment the women must endure is not about them being punks but that they are punished—through being objectified and sexualized—for betraying nation and culture.

Public-Private Partnership in the Field of Urban Development: Experience of Countries for the Period of 2010-2020

"To carry out a detailed analysis of the presented topic, the goals of the work are to reveal the mechanism of public-private partnership, to determine its features in the field of transport infrastructure in the experience of different countries and Ukraine, as well as to determine its further prospects. Among the main methodological approaches, it is worth noting the theoretical methodological approach, the method of statistical analysis, the functional methodological approach, the dogmatic methodological approach, the synthesis method, and others. During the research, the public-private partnership was analysed, and its characteristic features and principles of implementation were determined, which helped to consider this mechanism in more detail. The role and possibilities of using public-private partnership in the field of infrastructure projects, especially in the segment of motor transport infrastructure, were revealed and disclosed. It is important to analyse the functioning of the public-private partnership mechanism in different countries in the context of financing transport infrastructure sectors. Also, the current legal framework was analysed, which regulates public-private partnership in the field of transport infrastructure and transport in Ukraine; recommendations were proposed that would contribute to a more effective mechanism of regulation of this sector. It was established that the attraction of private funds will require a proportional increase in state funding, and a new approach to the risk management system, taking into account the peculiarities of the political and economic sectors."

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE P&I CLUB AS A PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN CARRIER

Sea transportation experiences risks and material loss in its operation. The most significant risks include damage to the vessel and sea pollution due to ship collisions and accidents. The carrier should prioritize the risks. When the underwriter does not cover the risk, the shipowner should establish an association covering the loss among the members to the extent the underwriter does not cover it. This study will examine the importance of the Rule to P&I Clubs and its impact on Indonesian carriers and will also find the differences between P&I Club and Insurance. The research adopts Library Resarch Method, dogmatic legal approach, a descriptive and analytical nature. Due to the method, the following sources have been used: Convention law, domestic legislation, case law, legal textbooks, journal articles, P&I Club Rules, preparatory works, and websites of international organizations and law firms. P&I CLUB covers many accidents which are not covered by any marine insurance. In pollution accidents, P&I covers every detail of the impact of pollution. The difference between P&I Club with marine loss insurance, in general, is that P&I Club covers the loss/damage more extensively, which is not covered by any marine insurance.

The Master’s Fall: The Fall of the Bourgeoisie Through the Fall of Patriarchy

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsFarid ManouchehrianFARID MANOUCHEHRIAN recently completed his master's degree in Ibsen Studies at the University of Oslo's Centre for Ibsen Studies. Email: manouchehrian.f@gmail.comNotes1 As Byron Nordstrom notes, until the last decade of the nineteenth century, “Women never reached an age of legal independence,” and “their rights to own property were restricted” (2000 Nordstrom, Byron J. 2000. Scandinavia since 1500. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar], 250).2 The idea that male protagonists subjugate their wife’s fortune in order to advance their social status is not, however, limited to the three plays written from 1892 to 1896. It can be traced back to Ibsen’s very first play, Catiline (1850), in which Catiline sells his wife’s childhood home “for the purposes of bribery” so that he obtains the Senate “consulship” (Ibsen 1970 Ibsen, Henrik. 1970. The Oxford Ibsen: Volume I, Early Plays. Translated by James McFarlane and Graham Orton. London: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar], 53–56).3 The view to which Miller refers is also noted by Maurice Maeterlinck (1905 Maeterlinck, Maurice. 1905. The Treasure of the Humble. Translated by Alfred Sutro. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co. [Google Scholar], 114–119), and later by Orley I. Holtan (1970 Holtan, I. Orley. 1970. Mythic Patterns in Ibsen’s Last Plays. Minnesota: The University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar], 16).4 As a case in point, Chengzhou He maintains that “Among Ibsen’s last twelve plays, the first quartet […] has been generally known as Ibsen’s social problem dramas” (2003 He, Chengzhou. 2003. “Ibsen and Chinese Problem Drama.” Ibsen Studies 3 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1080/15021860304317.[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 54). See also Michael Meyer (1971 Meyer, Michael. 1971. Ibsen: A Biography. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. [Google Scholar], 512), Thomas David (1983 David, Thomas. 1983. Modern Dramatists: Henrik Ibsen. London: Macmillan. [Google Scholar], 101–102), Naomi Lebowitz (1990 Lebowitz, Naomi. 1990. Ibsen and the Great World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. [Google Scholar], 130), Lars Nylander (2005 Nylander, Lars. 2005. “Between Desire and Ethics.” Ibsen Studies 5 (1): 105–110.[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 106), and Elizabeth Wright (2010 Wright, Elizabeth. 2010. “Re-Interpreting the Master Builder: A Response to J.S. Hurst.” Forum for Modern Language Studies 46 (3): 297–309. doi:10.1093/fmls/cqq009.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 303–304).5 Emphasis on biographical, psychological, or existential aspects of The Master Builder can also be seen in Eva Le Gallienne (1970 Gallienne, Eva Le. 1970. “Introduction of the Master Builder 1955.” In Henrik Ibsen: A Critical Anthology Edited by James McFarlane. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. [Google Scholar], 423), James McFarlane (1989 McFarlane, James. 1989. Ibsen and Meaning. Norwich: Norvik Press. [Google Scholar], 272), Harold Clurman (1977 Clurman, Harold. 1977. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 167–168), Brian Crow (1981 Crow, Brian. 1981. “Romantic Ambivalence in the Master Builder.” Studies in Romanticism 20 (2): 203–223. doi:10.2307/25600296.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 204), Bjørn Hemmer (1994 Hemmer, Bjørn. 1994. “Ibsen and the Realistic Problem Drama.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, edited by James McFarlane, 12–26. New York: Cambridge University Press.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 71), Michael Goldman (1999 Goldman, Michael. 1999. Ibsen: The Dramaturgy of Fear. New York: Columbia University Press. [Google Scholar], 44), Theoharis C. Theoharis (1999 Theoharis, Constantine Theoharis. 1999. Ibsen’s Drama: Right Action and Tragic Joy. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. [Google Scholar], 152), and Jørgen Dines Johansen (2002 Johansen, Jørgen Dines. 2002. “Mimetic and Diegetic Space in Ibsen’s Late Plays.” Ibsen and the Arts: Painting - Sculpture - Architecture. Ibsen Conference in Rome, 24–27 October 2001, 133–149. [Google Scholar], 147–148).6 Albeit in a different context, James L. Calderwood argues that “Ibsen’s entire oeuvre, viewed diachronically, can become whole, and wholly understood, only when his late plays beginning with The Master Builder are informed by his earlier ones, uniting the romanticism and realism of the past within their symbolic structures” (1984 Calderwood, James L. 1984. “The Master Builder and Failure of Symbolic Success.” Modern Drama 27 (4): 617–637. doi:10.3138/md.27.4.617.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 624).7 Jameson’s political interpretation of literary texts is underpinned by his concentric frameworks—the “three horizons” which he identifies as political, social, and historical (1983, 60). My reading of Solness’s symbolic fall takes place on both the political and the social levels. To elaborate, Jameson posits that on the political level, “the object of study […] as the individual work is grasped essentially as a symbolic act” (1983, 61). He further underlines that “a symbolic act is on the one hand affirmed as a genuine act, albeit on the symbolic level, while on the other it is registered as an act which is ‘merely’ symbolic, its resolutions imaginary ones that leave the real untouched, suitably dramatizes the ambiguous status of art and culture” (1983, 66). To understand the literary text as a symbolic act on the social level, Jameson notes that “For Marxism, the very content of a class ideology is relational, in the sense that its values are always actively in situation with respect to the opposing class and defined against the latter.” He remarks that “a ruling class ideology will explore various strategies of the legitimation of its own power position, while an oppositional culture or ideology will, often in covert and disguised strategies, seek to contest and to undermine the dominant value system” (1983, 69).8 It must be noted that the origin of this quotation is from Frode Helland’s book, namely “Melankoliens Spill: En Studie i Henrik Ibsens Siste Dramaer, in which he writes, “For Aline har selve tanken om ‘rigtigt hjem’ blitt en umulighet. […] Hun har hatt et hjem som nå er ødelagt, og ‘det nye’ kan aldri lege tapet av det gamle” (2000, 90). I have used Mark Sandberg’s translation.9 The presupposition reinforcing the notion that the death of the children is Aline’s fault is also mentioned by Orley I. Holtan (1970 Holtan, I. Orley. 1970. Mythic Patterns in Ibsen’s Last Plays. Minnesota: The University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar], 100), Hansgerd Delbrück (2000 Delbrück, Hansgerd. 2000. “Falling for the Sphinx: The Heritage of the Oedipus Myth in Henrik Ibsen’s the Master Builder.” Ibsen Studies 1 (1): 30–53. doi:10.1080/15021860008574040.[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 36–37), Jon Morgan Stokkeland (2016 Stokkeland, Jon Morgan. 2016. “The Poet and the Laws of Life: Narcissism and Object Relatedness in Ibsen’s Late Plays.” American Imago 73 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1353/aim.2016.0016.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 317), and Yuji Omori (2018 Omori, Yuji. 2018. “A Homeless Architect: Nietzschean Philosophy of the Earth in the Great God Brown.” The Eugene O’Neill Review 39 (2): 279–293. doi:10.5325/eugeoneirevi.39.2.0279.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 285).10 See also James L. Calderwood (1984 Calderwood, James L. 1984. “The Master Builder and Failure of Symbolic Success.” Modern Drama 27 (4): 617–637. doi:10.3138/md.27.4.617.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 621) and Gail Finney (1994 Finney, Gail. 1994. “Ibsen and Feminism.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, edited by James McFarlane, 89–105New York: Cambridge University Press.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 102).11 Among Ibsen’s critics, Eleanor Marx, Karl Marx’s youngest daughter, is one of the first intellectuals who “hailed Ibsen as a spokesman of […] Marxism, Socialism and Fabianism” (Durbach 1994 Durbach, Errol. 1994. “A Century of Ibsen Criticism: Marxism, Propaganda and Shaw, Varieties of Ibsenite Criticism.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, edited by James McFarlane, 233–251. New York: Cambridge University Press.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 233). For Eleanor, “the ‘miracle’ was Marxist change with its promise of economic and intellectual emancipation for women and workers alike” (Durbach 1994 Durbach, Errol. 1994. “A Century of Ibsen Criticism: Marxism, Propaganda and Shaw, Varieties of Ibsenite Criticism.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, edited by James McFarlane, 233–251. New York: Cambridge University Press.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 234). As a socialist, she believed that “the struggle is primarily class-based, not gender-based” (Durbach 1994 Durbach, Errol. 1994. “A Century of Ibsen Criticism: Marxism, Propaganda and Shaw, Varieties of Ibsenite Criticism.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, edited by James McFarlane, 233–251. New York: Cambridge University Press.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 235). Since bourgeois hegemony is inextricably intertwined with patriarchal ideology, in my view, associating Ibsen with only one cause (gender or class conflict) might result in a dogmatic approach to his works. Hence, I suggest that in each of his late plays Ibsen observes his society from different angles and provides distinct symbolic resolutions for social conflicts.12 It is important to note that I do not consider Hilde is a savior of the working class. As I will further argue, I only suggest that one of the interpretations of Hilde’s role is that she has a plan to take back Aline’s property by encouraging Solness to climb of the new house and overcome his fear of Ragnar. Therefore, resolving the class contradiction is just one of the implications of Hilde’s strategy to save Aline from patriarchal oppression.13 See also Richard Schechner (1962 Schechner, Richard. 1962. “The Unexpected Visitor in Ibsen’s Late Plays.” In Educational Theatre Journal 14 (2): 120–127. doi:10.2307/3204527.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 125), Ronald Gray (1977 Gray, Ronald. 1977. Ibsen – A Dissenting View: A Study of the Last Twelve Plays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar], 161), Thomas David (1983 David, Thomas. 1983. Modern Dramatists: Henrik Ibsen. London: Macmillan. [Google Scholar], 123), James McFarlane (1989 McFarlane, James. 1989. Ibsen and Meaning. Norwich: Norvik Press. [Google Scholar], 295), Naomi Lebowitz (1990 Lebowitz, Naomi. 1990. Ibsen and the Great World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. [Google Scholar], 49 and 135), Benjamin Bennett (1990 Bennett, Benjamin. 1990. Theater as Problem: Modern Drama and Its Place in Literature. New York: Cornell University Press.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 22), Michael Goldman (1999 Goldman, Michael. 1999. Ibsen: The Dramaturgy of Fear. New York: Columbia University Press. [Google Scholar], 44), Theoharis C. Theoharis (1999 Theoharis, Constantine Theoharis. 1999. Ibsen’s Drama: Right Action and Tragic Joy. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. [Google Scholar],150), and Camilla Chun-Pai Hsieh (2010 Chun-Pai Hsieh, Camilla. 2010. “Control, Surrender and Self-Transcendence: Notes on Shakespeare’s the Tempest and Ibsen’s the Master Builder.” In Ibsen and the Modern Self, edited by Kwok-kan Tam, Terry Siu-han Yip and Forde Helland. Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press. [Google Scholar], 234).14 Olivia Noble Gunn also argues that tower-climbing is both “confirming and contradicting Solness’s vision, enabling and undoing his plan, mimicking a similarly circular or rising and collapsing pattern in its climber’s at once certain and guilty self-understanding” (2015 Gunn, Olivia Noble. 2015. “The Master Builder’s Tragic Quotidian.” Ibsen Studies 15 (1): 40–65. doi:10.1080/15021866.2015.1087715.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 56).

PENDEKATAN SEJARAH DALAM PENGKAJIAN ISLAM

This article is titled “Historical Approach in Islamic Studies”. Study of Islam is a scientific discipline which as old as the age of Islam appearance itself. This research has purpose to study about the connection between religion and history of human. The basic knowledge from this research is explanation the important role of historical approach in Islamic studies. Analysing  long history of Muslim periodization in building civilizations with different characteristics, but still uphold Islamic brotherhood sourced from al-Quran and al-Hadits. This article is scientific writings based on library research by collecting every form of history informations which are relevant to the topic and sub-containts in the object of research’s scope. The result of this research shows historical approach in Islamic studies can be known by two things: Islam normative (doctrinaire) and Islam history (scientific). Doctrinaire approach is seeing Islam as religion doctrine that has to be done ideally. Then, scientific approach is seeing Islam as a knowledge.

Transformasie in die diverse Afrikanergemeenskap in die postapartheidera: Vier gevallestudies

Transformation in the diverse Afrikaner society in the postapartheid era: Four case studies. Since the end of apartheid in South Africa, Afrikaner people have been faced with disentangling their culture from Afrikaner nationalism. This article argues that the transformation of the Afrikaner people, or the lack thereof, will influence the future and place of Afrikaners in postapartheid South Africa. This article investigates the transformation within the Afrikaner community, considering four case studies: The aftermath of the death of Matlhomola Moshoeu in Coligny, the aftermath of Brendin Horner’s death near Paul Roux, in the court at Senekal, the inequality in SA highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the organisation and movement called Betereinders. Unresolved racial tension was a driving force in Coligny and Senekal. In Coligny, Afrikaner individuals and other community members helped to transform the destruction left by the protests and addressed some burning issues of inequality. In the Senekal protest, some Afrikaners were responsible for most of the destruction. None of the big Afrikaner organisations or churches openly condemned these actions. The pandemic exposed how little economic transformation actually happened on ground level. The Betereinders movement is driven by Afrikaners who believe in a better future for all South Africans. They act, are hands-on, and won’t give up. Unwillingness to face the postapartheid SA and turning a blind eye, have prevented Afrikaners from being part of transformational efforts. However, Afrikaners can, with intentional effort, disentangle their culture from Afrikaner nationalism and are capable of being part of the transformation needed in SA.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The interdisciplinary implications of this article involved the subjects of church history, general history, and a dogmatic approach.

The Significance of the “Power Purchase Agreement” for the Development of Local Energy Markets in the Theoretical Perspective of Polish Legal Conditions

Today’s geopolitical and economic situation (negative economic effects of COVID-19; war in Ukraine) adversely affects the energy market situation. These circumstances make it necessary to quickly adapt the previously adopted long-term strategies for transforming the energy market to maximise the country’s energy security through greater diversification and energy self-reliance. The legal systems of the Member States, including Poland, provide for various instruments to support the production of electricity from renewable sources. However, each Member State has a different potential for producing energy from renewable sources (later as RES), so the measures used to promote the use of energy from renewable sources in the broad sense are tailored to achieve the desired level of renewable energy production, particularly under EU law. For this reason, a variety of support models are used in the Member States, which are subdivided into direct (e.g., feed-in tariffs) and indirect (e.g., tax credits). However, state support schemes for renewable energy production do not always allow producers to have stable, long-term revenues and sources of additional income that guarantee the possibility to raise external financing for RES projects. However, irrespective of the support measures used in individual countries, European electricity markets (following the American system) have created a non-public instrument—the power purchase agreement (later PPA or PPAs). In 2021 alone, Europe saw record volumes of renewable energy contracted under PPAs—6.9 GWh. Despite the importance of PPAs for the development of renewable energy (most evident in the Danish, Finnish, British and Norwegian markets), Polish legal acts do not apply this contractual construct. Although Polish law creates the possibility for energy market participants to establish PPAs, these agreements will not be a key instrument for the development of renewable energy at the local level, as they are not a sufficient alternative to the current public forms that support renewable energy generation in Poland. This analysis proves that the existing status of regulations in Poland means that PPAs have limited significance and are rather dedicated to entities that will be able to face up to administrative, legal and technological barriers as an addition to the public support system. The analyses conducted are theoretical in nature. The research is based on the dogmatic approach (the analysis of the law in force) applied in the science of law, which is part of the social sciences.

Challenges and Opportunities of Arts-Based Science Learning Among Basic Level Students amid Covid 19 Pandemic

This paper provides an overview of the emergent practices of arts-based science teaching and learning in public schools in Nepal. It also shares why arts-based science learning has emerged as a shift in teaching and learning from a dogmatic approach to arts-based learning as well as the opportunities and challenges amid COVID 19 pandemic. QUAN qual research method → was applied in this research. The questionnaire survey was used to collect the quantitative data whereas an in-depth interview was taken to collect the qualitative information in this study. 300 students have been selected randomly out of 1300 study population by using the Raosoft sample size calculator with a 95% level of confidence and with a 5% margin error. It is found that the use of figures, posters, soil and sand art, songs and drama promote the understanding of students’ science learning and their achievement score. The findings from this study are expected to encourage the Nepal government, local governments, and public schools to bring local practices into central level policies to transform the dogmatic approach to arts-based teaching and learning.

Orthodox Tradition in the Linguistic and Poetic Rarity of the Poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Blessed is the Gentle Poet” (to Help the Teacher of Russian Literature)

In the article, considerable attention is paid to the role of the Orthodox component in the creation of artistic images in this work, and the means of poetic expression are also comprehensively studied. The relevance is due to the fact that this poem has not yet been analyzed in terms of identifying the role of the Orthodox spiritual tradition in shaping the ideal of the poet. The goal is to study the linguistic and poetic means of the work, which serve to form the ideal of the poet, taking into account the Orthodox tradition. The novelty of the article lies in the study of these means on the basis of a cultural and dogmatic approach, the essence of which lies in the fact that the religious component is found in the relationship of the author and the characters of his works to enemies and friends, to the Motherland, people, God through the prism of the religious (Orthodox) worldview. Such an approach helps to reveal the implementation of religious and moral categories in the work of the master of the artistic word, taking into account their refraction in accordance with the author’s position. Based on the work done, the following results were obtained. It is established that the composition of the poem has an obvious antonymic character. It was revealed that the expressive background of the poem is created due to expressive tropes that carry a huge charge of generalization, as well as due to phonetic repetitions and forms of the present tense verb. It is determined that in the semantic space of the poem, thematic groups of words are in opposition and enter into mutually exclusive relationships. It is proved that the poem reflects the traditions of the hagiographical genre, expressed in asceticism, deprivation and sacrifice of a true poet. The value of the study is expressed in the possibility of applying the approach used in it to the study of poetic works of both Nekrasov himself and other Russian poets and writers, which will help to identify the switching of religious energy characteristic of the Russian soul to non-religious phenomena and objects.